Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Innovation - Essay Example However, it is one thing to require a certain technology and another to implement it in an organisation. Introduction of new technologies is quite challenging for managers irrespective of the size of an organisation. New technologies require the management to arrange for extensive training, which results in resistance from some quarters. As a manager one will be required to first understand how to manage change since the process is stressful and, most often than not, change creates tension in the workplace (Rogers, 2003). This paper aims at using technological determinism to inform a manager when introducing surveillance technology in the workplace. Attitude is a critical aspect in the introduction of any kind of technology in the workplace. Employers nowadays are heavily relying on workplace surveillance technologies to assess various issues. Surveillance in this context will include, but not limited to, video monitoring, tracking as well as phone and computer use. Introduction of any technology in the workplace results into some form of transition. It is, therefore, critical for a manager to consult employees through one-on-one interactions or a survey depending on the size of the organisation. Consultations aim at pinpointing problematic areas and concerns which ultimately eases transition to the new technology. In the process of consultations, it is essential for the management to clearly elaborate on the positive differences that the new technology will bring not only to the employees but also the organisation at large (Bijker and Law, 1995). It is, nevertheless, vital to consider the human factor before launching of this surveillance technology. The society, and in this case the employees, will always have certain expectations from this new technology. Employees have previously worked without this new technology and hence need assurances

Effect of Employee Satisfaction of Driving Customer Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Effect of Employee Satisfaction of Driving Customer Satisfaction Essay Its common sense when people feel great about the place where they work†¦ they provide better customer service Dick Clark, Group leader of Financial services at Monsanto Customer satisfaction is the main aim of every organization running a business everywhere. Various level managers consider the importance of customer satisfaction and try to pass this issue to the lower levels that have direct contact with the customers. Those front-line employees should be satisfied themselves in order to deliver customer value. (bulgarella, 2005). Some researchers and business pioneers went further to include employees as internal customers whom they seek to satisfy their needs in order to make sure that they will do the same with the external customers (Harrison, 2003) and this highlights the direction towards the study on the employee satisfaction and its factors. In Egypt, employee satisfaction should be one of the most highlighted topics in every business field and should gain wider interest day after day. The emphasis on these kinds of studies will help improve the service standards and, consequently, raises the satisfaction levels of employees and external customers of any organization. From this perspective, the researchers decided to investigate the sense of career development and its effect on employee satisfaction (Research1 or R1). The second part of the research will be devoted to measure the effect of employee satisfaction on delivering customer satisfaction (Research2 or R2). The main research questions are designed as: Q1: How can the sense of career development affect employee satisfaction? Q2: what is the effect of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction? Hypotheses: H1: Sense of career development has an effect on employee satisfaction. * Components of career development on this research paper are: * Quality of Employees ‘Lives. * Social and economic contribution to society. H2: sense of employee satisfactions affects Customer satisfaction. R1: The relation between sense of career development and employee satisfaction. When the researchers decided to define employee satisfaction, they called back the definition of the word satisfaction from the dictionary and it was found as gratification of an appetite and pleasure (Wilson Learning, 2006). Satisfaction researchers can never ignore Maslows human satisfaction pyramid that starts with physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization needs (Parvin, 2011) Scholars vary in their definitions to employee satisfaction; Reilly defines job satisfaction as the feeling that a worker has about his job or a general attitude towards work or a job and it is influenced by the perception of one’s job. (C.R.Reilly, 1991). Some employee-satisfaction theories depends mainly on the individual factor or the employee himself; employees objectives, age, social status, gender and education level have the major impact on determining the degree of his satisfaction and loyalty in his job (Ann, 1992) while others, such as Alan Witt, go in deeper analysis to study Fit or Lack of Fit or the Want-Have Dilemma between the employees requirements and the organizational offerings (Ann, 1992) Papers agree on a main drive for employee satisfaction in any organization; employers must work on enhancing the sense of career development for their employees. However, career development itself is a broad concept that needs to be clarified. Sears defined career development as the total group of physiological, sociological, educational, physical and economic factors that direct the individuals career (Patton McMahon, 2006). This definition classifies the components career development to: 1. Physiological component 2. Sociological component 3. Educational component 4. Physical component 5. Economic component When going to a deeper practical definition, Careers England, one of the most recognized organizations in career guidance industry that has a wide variety of partnerships with various associations (Careers England, 2012), defined career development as follows: Career development is the lifelong process of managing progression in learning and work. The quality of this process significantly determines the nature and quality of individuals’ lives: the kind of people they become, the sense of purpose they have, the income at their disposal. It also determines the social and economic contribution they make to the communities and societies of which they are part (Careers England, 2012) This definition analysis Career Development terminology to the following components * Quality of individuals lives * Social and economic contribution to society When linking both definitions together, the researchers can identify the main components of career development to two main categories 1. Quality of individual lives: a. Salary paid to employees b. working conditions c. physiological and safety needs d. the purpose they have 2. Contribution to society * Achievements and contribution to society economically and socially R2: the relation between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. To measure the degree of employee satisfactions effect on customer satisfaction, the meaning of customer satisfaction should be clear for the researches and the readers; A comprehensive definition of customer satisfaction in terms of pleasurable fulfillment is given by Oliver (1997): â€Å"satisfaction is the consumer’s fulfillment response. It is a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, providing (or is providing) a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment, including under or over fulfillment† (Siskos, 2010) According to an exhaustive review of Yi (1991), customer satisfaction may be defined into 2 basic ways: either as an outcome, or as a process: 1- The first approach defines satisfaction as a final situation or as an end-state resulting from the consumption experience. 2- The second approach emphasizes the perceptual, evaluative and psychological process that contributes to satisfaction. (Siskos, 2010) (R2) will try to measure the degree of dependence of both factors on each other through surveys with employees and customers. Bibliography Ann, M. (1992). A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP. SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY, Political Science. Texas: The Digital Library. attia, s. (2008). Healthcare quality and moder. emerald insight, 3. bulgarella, C. (2005). Employee Satisfaction Customer Satisfaction. Guide Star rerearch. C.R.Reilly. (1991). Organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, pp. 427- 458. Careers England. (2012). MAKING A POSITIVE IMPACT. Careers England. Careers England. Careers England. (2012). Why Career Development Matters. 1. Harrison, C. (2003, 11). Turning Customer Service Inside Out! Retrieved 10 1, 2012, from expressionsofexcellence.com: http://www.expressionsofexcellence.com/ARTICLES/InsideCS.html Parvin, M. (2011, December). FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1, 115. Patton, W., McMahon, M. (2006). Career Development and Systems Theory. QueensLand university, Faculty of Education. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Siskos, E. G. (2010). Customer Satisfaction Evaluation. Greece: Springer Science+Business Media. Wilson Learning. (2006). Redefining employee satisfaction: business performance, employee fullfilment and leadership practices. Edina: Wilson Learning Inc.

A Rhetorical Examination of The Homeless and Their Children Essay

In â€Å"The Homeless and Their Children†, author Jonathon Kozol explains how poverty and homelessness can go hand in hand, but he also shows his readers that the government in New York City during the 1980’s did not really attempt to assist those in need. The author shows us how the homeless and illiterate struggled by sharing with us an interview with a young woman called Laura who resided in a massive welfare hotel. Kozol did not find it necessary to write this piece in a persuasive tone, or a compassionate tone, or even an angry tone to get his message across. He did not need to include a multitude of statistics to convince his readers that homelessness, illiteracy, and governmental apathy were issues. As stated in the introductory paragraph that precedes Kozol’s excerpt, â€Å"Instead of arguing indignantly for literacy programs to save the lives of the poor and illiterate, Kozol simply reports the case of a single illiterate woman trying to raise her f our children† (Kozol 304). When the different aspects of this wring are studied, it can be found that Kozol successfully utilized subtlety and refinement, along with vivid imagery, to address this issue in order to inform and motivate his readers to take a stand against homelessness and illiteracy. As this was mostly an emotional piece, there are very little references to logos. However, Kozol begins with a very important statistic at the beginning: â€Å"Nearly four hundred homeless families, including some twelve hundred children, were lodged in the hotel, by arrangement with the city’s Human resource Administration† (Kozol 304). This statistic is significant because it builds the author’s credibility by providing tangible facts from the author’s research, and it also exercises our... ...his intentions well. He utilized each piece of the rhetorical triangle to build a story that was easy to read, informative, and emotive. By using the methods he did, such as staying refined and unemotional, he allows his readers to feel their own emotions and fuel their own motivation. Sometimes, this approach can be stronger than when someone tells you what you should do. Kozol has indeed created a very moving story, which no doubt has motivated, informed, and maybe even changed some minds on this topic since its publication. Works Cited Kozol, Jonathon. â€Å"The Homeless and Their Children.† The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 2008. Print. Weathers, Barbara. "Rachel and Her Children (Book Review)." School Library Journal 34.7 (1988): 226. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Feb. 2011.

Alcohol And Brine Shrimps

Abstract Alcohol catches the interest of many scientists because of its different effects on human, especially during pregnancy. These effects can also be seen in lower forms of organisms, such as that of the crustacean brine shrimp. By studying these, the scientists can get a better understanding on the mechanisms underlying the alcohol’s effects. When other conditions are held constant, a very high amount of alcohol should inhibit the growth or hatching of these brine shrimp eggs.By growing brine shrimp eggs exposed to different concentrations of alcohol and observing the larvae afterwards, the effects of alcohol on these organisms can be revealed in a quantified manner. To do so, volumes of 0. 0 mL. 0. 1 mL, 0. 25 mL and 0. 5 mL of a 100% alcohol were placed in different Petri dishes containing 10 mL of brine solution each. Brine shrimp eggs were then placed and left for a week before the eggs and larvae were obtained and counted. Results show that there are more eggs hatch ed on the system with no alcohol in it.Though the plate with higher alcohol content showed a relatively large number of hatched eggs, it has a higher amount of dead larvae compared to the dishes having lower alcohol content. This shows that alcohol works in two ways, preventing the hatching of brine shrimp eggs and causing deaths to the larvae. I. Introduction Brine shrimps (Artemia) are small crustaceans, and not closely related to the common shrimp. They are usually termed as â€Å"sea-monkeys† and sold in pet stores as fish food.They are very resistant in adverse conditions, and their eggs are able to stay dormant until the right environment induces their birth. Many of these are seen in large bodies of water, for they serve as food for the larger fish and other organisms present in the ecosystem. One interesting fact of these crustaceans is the ability of their eggs to undergo cryptobiosis, a characteristic where they exhibit a â€Å"hidden life† by maintaining a m etabolically inactive state. This happens during adverse conditions that inhibit the growth of the organism.In this case, brine shrimp eggs stay dormant as long as there are large fluctuations in the environment caused by factors such as temperature, oxygen content, and acidity. Because of this, brine shrimps are excellent to be test subjects for this experiment regarding the effects of alcohol on early development. Brine shrimp eggs can also hatch at a short span of time, and grow into larvae capable of swimming by themselves in just a matter of days. Furthermore, there are no known ethical issues regarding the use of these organisms. In fact, a number of studies using this genus have been performed throughout history.One of these is the research of Antonio Marquez’s group, where they tested the effects of bacteria on Artemia franciscana. They cultivated the organism in 10 different strains of bacteria together with some major feeds. The treatment resulted to the Artemis sur vivors having a longer length. The bacteria added played an important role in providing direct feed for the Artemia. They provided essential proteins, vitamins, amino acids, and inorganic nutrients (Marques, 2005). These results can be taken into consideration when designing this experiment.Since the experiment aims to determine the effects of alcohol only, the medium on which the brine shrimp are to be grown must be free of other substances, especially bacteria that might contribute additional nutrients for the organism to grow. The experiment by Marquez also shows the versatility of these brine shrimps in data gathering experiments done on the lab. They are easy to cultivate and grow. Another research, which can complement the purpose of this experiment, is the one tackling about the toxicity of the chemical diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) when exposed to Aremtia salina The group of S.Sanchez-Fortun and M. V. Barahona found out that on high concentrations of DFP, a longer develo pment time is evident on Artemia larvae. A more concentrated solution even showed death on some of the larvae. Several treatments were tested, including addition of the compounds atropine, physostigmine pyridostignime. But only the compound 2-pyridine aldoxime methoiodide (2-PAM) proved to be effective in preventing intoxication due to DFP (Sanchez-Fortum, 2007). These results show the lethal effects of some chemicals to the larvae of some organisms.Aside from DFP, alcohol is another substance that is believed to have bad effects on organisms during their pre-birth stage. In higher animals, such as humans, alcohol is usually blamed for miscarriages, prematurity, and many other defects on birth. This alarming substance caught the attention of many, and efforts have been made to make the public aware of the dangers posed by alcohol. Such effects of alcohol are made notice by Brimacombre and his team. Sometime before the year 2007 ended, they conducted a study to asses the knowledge of health professionals regarding fetal alcohol spectrum disorders or FASD.They conducted several presentations, lectures and demos to health professionals across New Jersey over a four-month period. The groups were then asked to answer a series of 20 questions to determine the depth of their understanding regarding FASD. The results showed that though they are well versed with the basics of FASD, these health group professionals reveal weaknesses in some important areas. One of these is the lack of knowledge on some core diagnosis and treatment of FASD. It was then concluded that more efforts must be done to further increase the awareness of the public to the facts of alcoholism (Brimacombe, 2008).If alcohol has a severe effect on humans, then it is safe to assume that it would also have a devastating impact on lower creatures such as the brine shrimps. This experiment is designed to illustrate the possible threats of varying concentration of alcohol to Artemia. The alcohol’s effects will be determined by adding varying amounts of it to the culture of unhatched brine shrimp eggs. The eggs and possible young hatchlings from the different treatments will then be manually counted and compared with each other.Taking into consideration prior knowledge and previous studies made, high alcohol content would not be optimum for the brine shrimps to live. The treatment containing the most alcohol would then probably have less or no brine shrimp larvae present compared to those cultures with little or no alcohol in it. II. Methodology Prior to the experiment, the solutions and equipments to be used were prepared. Four Petri dishes, brine solution, 100% alcohol, some toothpicks and a brine shrimp egg solution were placed close by for easy access.The Petri dishes were then marked with numbers â€Å"1†, â€Å"2†, â€Å"3† and â€Å"4†. A volume of 10 mL of brine solution was then added to each Petri dish. In the Petri dish labeled â€Å"1â € , 0. 1 mL of alcohol was added and mixed. In the same manner, 0. 25 mL of alcohol was added to Petri dish â€Å"2† and 0. 5 mL of it to Petri dish â€Å"3†. No alcohol was added to Petri dish â€Å"4†, as this is be used as the control system. A clean toothpick was then taken, wetting it by dipping it in a brine solution first, and then in the container with brine shrimp eggs.The eggs were then transferred to Petri dish â€Å"1† by slowly stirring the toothpick in the brine solution contained in the Petri dish until all eggs are dislodged from the toothpick. A new toothpick is then used to transfer eggs in the same manner to Petri dishes â€Å"2†, â€Å"3† and â€Å"4†, using a fresh toothpick for each Petri dish. The eggs were allowed to sit for a week and then they were observed. The eggs and larvae were counted using a toothpick and viewed with a microscope. The data were then recorded and compared.

Third-Person Effect and Social Networking: Implications for Online Marketing and Word-of-Mouth Communication

Few studies have explored the direct influence of social networking websites related to behaviors. â€Å"One of the most important capabilities of the internet relative to previous mass communication technologies is its bidirectionality. Through the internet, not only can organizations reach audiences of unprecedented scale at a low cost, but also for the first time in human history, individuals can make their personal thoughts, reactions, and opinions easily accessible worldwide. Best known so far as a technology for building trust and fostering cooperation in online marketplaces, such as eBay, these mechanisms are poised to have a much wider impact on organizations. Their growing popularity has potentially important implications for a wide range of management activities such as brand building, customer acquisition and retention, product development, and quality assurance. † This article explains about online marketing and I’m going to incorporate this piece of informa tion into my paper. Few studies have explored the direct influence of social networking websites related to behaviors. â€Å"One of the most important capabilities of the internet relative to previous mass communication technologies is its bidirectionality. Through the internet, not only can organizations reach audiences of unprecedented scale at a low cost, but also for the first time in human history, individuals can make their personal thoughts, reactions, and opinions easily accessible worldwide. Best known so far as a technology for building trust and fostering cooperation in online marketplaces, such as eBay, these mechanisms are poised to have a much wider impact on organizations. Their growing popularity has potentially important implications for a wide range of management activities such as brand building, customer acquisition and retention, product development, and quality assurance. † This article explains about online marketing and I’m going to incorporate this piece of informa tion into my paper.

In Another Country Essays

In Another Country Essays In Another Country Paper In Another Country Paper Essay Topic: A Farewell to Arms War is the worst thing a world can confront. For me. war is ever associated with unhappiness. loss. heartache and people’s courage. And all these subjects are brilliantly unfolded in the narrative In Another Country by Ernest Hemingway. which is under consideration. Hemingway is an American writer of the twentieth century. who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The 1s of his celebrated plants include The Sun Besides Rises. A Farewell to Arms. The Old Man and The Sea. The popularity of Hemingway’s is based on the subjects. which are love. war. wilderness and loss. all of which are strongly apparent in the organic structure of work. The rubric of the narrative is perplexing. as it has two significances: direct and indirect 1. At first glimpse. In Another Country. refers to the fact that the American storyteller is so in a foreign land-Italy. But the other side of it is that the chief hero is culturally. emotionally in another state. He is at War. the state of the so-called’ illness and wounding. Now allow me give you the brief Reconstruction of the events. It was fall in Milan. a group of soldiers wounded in World War I received intervention at a infirmary. There. one of the chief characters. the storyteller of the narrative. wounded in his articulatio genus. saw three Italian soldiers. but felt a great wall between him and them. because he had received his decoration for being an American. and they really performed efforts of courage to have theirs. Another chief character. the major with the shriveled manus taught him Italian. One twenty-four hours. the major became angry when Nick references about matrimony. he burst out. because the major’s married woman had merely died. The major could non vacate himself to the loss of his married woman. He was crushed. shattered by the intelligence. While reading the narrative we can province several key-points. which help us to understand and analyse the context. And the chief of them. to my head are war and courage. First. allow me brood upon the courage. The attitude towards courage is different in footings of the characters of the narrative. The personality of the storyteller is described indirectly. through his ideas. He wasn’t a courageous adult male during the war. I was really much afraid to die†¦ and inquiring how I would be when I went back to the forepart again’ . As for the three soldiers. there was no impression of the courage in the marks of any of these individuals. The storyteller calls them hunting hawks . They were runing for decorations. stuff values. given by the authorities. non for the religion. The attitude of the supporter and the soldiers are besides specific due to attitude towards the war. so was the major. We get to cognize from the narrative that they are Italian. They are really loyal people. and their responsibility was to protect their state. as the war was on their district. And the storyteller was merely an American. Let me cite: I had been given the decorations because I was an American†¦being wounded. after all. was truly an accident. He didn’t understand why people die. what they fought for. The job of the lost generation’ arises here. The fact is that Americans were apathetic to the war. Their purpose was merely to take part and being wounded. As the consequence. the relationship between the storyteller and the soldiers were specific. Let me cite: I was a friend. but I was neer truly one of them†¦ they have done different things to acquire their medals . I wasn’t a hawk . As for the major. he didn’t believe in courage at at. And Through his loss we understand that for the storyteller the major was the bravest adult male of all. as he possessed a strong head and tried to get by with his feelings like a brave soldier. We are to acknowledge that the writer uses different stylistic device. what makes the narrative more expressive. captivating and interesting to read. First of all it is the use of foreign words. for case Signor Maggiore . A basso gliufficiali! . which reflect the Italian ambiance. where the action takes topographic point. Other stylistic device is symbolism. which. to my head. prevalent in this narrative. The retrieving machines are the symbol of false promises and hopes. I quote: †¦ there were big framed photograps around the wall. of all kinds of lesions before and after they had been cured by the machines†¦ I do non cognize where the physician got them . and this symbol besides implicate with sarcasm. e. g. You will be able to play football once more better than ever . Other symbols. roasted chestnuts . charcoal fire . are the hopes for the better. because they mean light and heat. The narrative makes usage of repeat to stress the narrative In the autumn the war was ever there . It was cold in the autumn in Milan and the dark came really early. He repeats this thought with a somewhat different accent at the terminal of the paragraph: It was a cold autumn and the air current came down from the mountains. This description of nature here is besides instead symbolic. It makes me experience the ambiance of decease and hopelessness. In decision I can state that it is smth bloody and sad. But through all these catastrophes we are to remain worlds and courage 1s. The war will complete. but the human nature is ageless.

Free Essays on Goat Gland Science

GOAT-GLAND SCIENCE The amazing events that I’m writing about in this article would never have occurred if John R. Brinkley hadn’t received a mail order medical degree in 1917 and obtained a job as the company doctor at the Swift Meatpacking Company in Kansas. While working at the meat packing plant, Brinkley was intrigued that goats destined for the slaughterhouse vigorously mated. A few years later, Brinkley set up a private practice in the small hamlet of Milford, Kansas. One day a farmer came in to Brinkley’s office complaining of a sagging libido. Recalling the frantic antics of the goats at the slaughterhouse, Dr. Brinkley suggested to the farmer that what he needed was a goat gland transplant. It should be noted that previously Brinkley had been a snake oil salesman selling injections of colored distilled water at $25.00 a shot purported to increase vitality. Being the unethical person he was and with a wobbly knowledge of medicine, Brinkley implanted a bit of goat gonad into the farmer’s testicle. Shortly thereafter, the farmer’s wife became pregnant followed by the birth a baby boy whom the couple appropriately named â€Å"Billy†. Word spread of the success of the goat-gland transplant and the doctor soon had a flood of patients from around the world. Brinkley charged $750.00 per transplant, a large sum of money during the depression. In all he performed over 16,000 goat-gland transplants making him a wealthy man. Very few people who had the operation complained that it didn’t work because Brinkley explained that the operation only worked on intelligent people. There were a few problems. For example, when Brinkley switched from Toggenbergs to Angoras a patient sued. The patient didn’t sue because the operation didn’t work but because afterward he â€Å"smelled so bad.† Brinkley switched back to Toggenbergs. As many as 40 goats a day were shipped to the clinic. With the profits Bri... Free Essays on Goat Gland Science Free Essays on Goat Gland Science GOAT-GLAND SCIENCE The amazing events that I’m writing about in this article would never have occurred if John R. Brinkley hadn’t received a mail order medical degree in 1917 and obtained a job as the company doctor at the Swift Meatpacking Company in Kansas. While working at the meat packing plant, Brinkley was intrigued that goats destined for the slaughterhouse vigorously mated. A few years later, Brinkley set up a private practice in the small hamlet of Milford, Kansas. One day a farmer came in to Brinkley’s office complaining of a sagging libido. Recalling the frantic antics of the goats at the slaughterhouse, Dr. Brinkley suggested to the farmer that what he needed was a goat gland transplant. It should be noted that previously Brinkley had been a snake oil salesman selling injections of colored distilled water at $25.00 a shot purported to increase vitality. Being the unethical person he was and with a wobbly knowledge of medicine, Brinkley implanted a bit of goat gonad into the farmer’s testicle. Shortly thereafter, the farmer’s wife became pregnant followed by the birth a baby boy whom the couple appropriately named â€Å"Billy†. Word spread of the success of the goat-gland transplant and the doctor soon had a flood of patients from around the world. Brinkley charged $750.00 per transplant, a large sum of money during the depression. In all he performed over 16,000 goat-gland transplants making him a wealthy man. Very few people who had the operation complained that it didn’t work because Brinkley explained that the operation only worked on intelligent people. There were a few problems. For example, when Brinkley switched from Toggenbergs to Angoras a patient sued. The patient didn’t sue because the operation didn’t work but because afterward he â€Å"smelled so bad.† Brinkley switched back to Toggenbergs. As many as 40 goats a day were shipped to the clinic. With the profits Bri...

Should you search for a job during the holiday season

Should you search for a job during the holiday season As the end of the year approaches, it gets easier to justify not doing things until later. â€Å"I’m awfully busy right now. I’ll start my diet/gym routine/job hunt in the new year, when things are calmer.† Is this reasonable logic? It is. But it may be costing you valuable job opportunities. Here are 7 reasons you should consider making a job search part of your holiday festivities this year.7 reasons to start your job search during the holidaysHiring is year-roundThe end of the year is no different than any other time of year: people leave jobs, and those jobs need to be filled. Or, companies are looking ahead to the new year and want to have staff in place as soon as possible after the ball drops in Times Square. The hiring keeps buzzing along, holidays or not.There’s less competitionWhile others are out waiting in line doing their last-minute shopping or putting stamps on 549 holiday cards, there are fewer people focused on job searches. In the new yea r, there are likely to be hordes of other people seeking out job listings and ads, while openings that pop up in December go under the radar. If you’re keeping an eye out for a new job opportunity while most other people are focusing on other things, you could have an advantage.You can think short-term and long-termMany places hire seasonal staff to get through the holidays. But that temporary gig could turn into a permanent one. You’re already in place, you have the skills they want, and now you have a toe in the door. This makes you a great candidate when a more permanent job opens up.You can look now, but start laterBecause many companies are looking ahead to staffing needs in January and February, it may be that the job you’re applying for now may not even start until after the holidays. But if you wait until January to put those feelers out, it may already be too late to score those upcoming jobs.The holidays have built-in networking opportunitiesWhat bette r time of year is there to say, â€Å"Let’s go out and grab a holiday drink† or write, â€Å"It’s been a while, and I’d love to catch up with you† in a holiday card. The holidays are a time when people get sentimental about relationships and feel a little extra social. You never know what opportunities can pop up if you put a little extra work into networking this time of year.Holiday vacation isn’t necessarily off the tableOne of the biggest concerns about job hunting during the holidays is, â€Å"What if I get it and can’t accommodate my existing holiday plans?† If you have a non-refundable flight over the holidays and your new job offer comes with a non-negotiable start date the day before you’re scheduled to travel†¦ well, that might not be the right opportunity for you. But some companies are willing to negotiate a start date- say, January 2.Extra money comes in handy this time of yearA new job often comes with a bump in pay, and for many people, this is a time of year fraught with extra expenses and indulgences. Sticking with your job search during the holidays could be a bonus if you score a new job and a pay raise right before all those credit card bills come due.The holiday season may feel like a time you should be focusing on the personal over the professional, but if you put in time and effort into the job hunt while others are putting theirs on hold, you could find great opportunities.

How to Establish an Ethical Culture Research Paper

How to Establish an Ethical Culture - Research Paper Example Every small or large-scale organization operating in any type of industry possesses its own culture. It has its own set standards and ethics which are managed by the leadership within the organization’s environment. This paper will discuss the ethical leadership and the culture managed in the organization’s environment. Ethical Culture A culture, in simpler words, can be defined as a set of permanent norms, beliefs and values shared by the members of any society or community. In the management context, every organization, company or firm in the industry possesses its own culture suited to the employees working within it. The concept of organizational cultures pertains to the overall behavior of people which make up the organization. It usually emerges from the vision, values, systems, norms, symbols, working languages, beliefs and habits bore by the workforce. It can also be considered as a pattern of doing things, possessing certain beliefs and standards which are taug ht to the people by the organization. The ethical culture in an organization refers to the people’s beliefs regarding the ethics which are mutually shared by the people in the organization and can be easily conceptualized on the continuum which is bordered by the highly ethical companies at one end and unethical companies at the other end. Establishing an Ethical Culture There are various steps to creating an ethical culture in a social structure. ... Ongoing and Initial training The employees should be offered online courses, live workshops and the printed material regarding the creating and sustaining of an ethical culture at the workplace. Moreover, specific trainings should be provided referring to the personal integrity, proper usage of company assets, harassment, discrimination and other related factors. Regular communications In context to the management of the ethical culture in the organization, the line of communication must be established by the senior level management which can take the shape of corporate newsletters, and departmental and individual discussions. Set up an unknown reporting hotline The anonymous tool of reporting requires the end user to respond to the background questions, and also possess managerial abilities to enable the talent manager chase the incidents. The unidentified phone based and web-reporting tools should be allowed to the employees for the reason that the employees often consider that the re is least security in the internal avenues. Action enforcement The proper enforcement of the code of conduct will require the employees to take it in a serious manner. It will help building up strong ethical cultures in the organizations. Employee rewards for demonstrating the culture The employees who have successfully showed the ethical culture in the organization should be rewarded. Usually, the employees prefer to be more dedicated to the organization which depicts a strong moral and ethical culture. They generally stay happier and satisfied with their jobs and are better engaged with the organization. Personal Integrity and Ethical Leadership The success of any organization depends upon the efficiency

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being Essay

How does underwater birth affect neonatal health and well being - Essay Example Naturally, this procedure of birth requires a large accumulation of water like a pool or a tub, which can be utilized as an effective receptive medium of labor (Cluett, Burns, 2011, p.2). Water birth represents a unique way of giving birth and marks a departure from the traditional labor procedure. People have been curious to know the effectiveness and success of this new process. For this purpose, there have been numerous studies and researches undertaken to find out the effects of water birth on the pregnant women and also on the newborn infants. For expectant mothers, giving birth in water is considered to a much more gentle process than the conventional labor method lying on a bed. Studies have shown that water birth enhances maternal relaxation, decreases the analgesia requirements and encourages the women to easily adopt a model of care for their newborns. However, the benefits of the water birth process on neonatal health have not yet been so emphatically established. There is still a lot of discussion and research being undertaken on the impact of water birth on the health of the babies born by this method. This literature review has attempted to examine the information available on this topic. Women from across the world often opt for water birth as this eases the process of labor. However, they should also be made aware of the impacts on this method on the health condition of the new born infants. This would help expectant mothers to make an informed decision regarding a suitable procedure of giving birth. The findings of the different reviews are expected to provide conclusive results on the relevant subject. The existing research work will be examined and evaluated to find out whether there exist valid inferences which can help expecting women to make a prudent decision regarding their own health and that of their newborn children. (Ros, 2009, p.36) The

The effects of the credit crisis on the UK and US financial systems Essay

The effects of the credit crisis on the UK and US financial systems over the past two years - Essay Example f bailouts, in which major industries are saved by the government from financial ruin, after which they either can pay the government back, or become partially or completely owned. In my perspective as a consultant, I advise both governments that the situation has changed somewhat due to these bailout reactions. No explicit mention of macroeconomic factors is made, and the report focuses on policy. In the last two years, policy changes have taken place superficially, although the UK and US financial systems remain fundamentally unchanged. New public scrutiny may continue to change this trend to emphasize a more mandatory nature of releasing financial disclosure reports, thus easing anxiety. As a consultant, I would state that US and UK leaders may or may not pay close attention to disclosure and transparency in business operations. â€Å"The imploding British economy has set off deflation in key asset classes, particularly real estate. Unemployment is skyrocketing, having reached an official figure of 6.7 %, or 2.1 million jobless† (Financial, 2009, 1). The basic assumption of the current report is that the fundamental financial system has not changed in the wake of financial crisis, in either the UK or the US, when looking at the long-term rather than the short-term. The US and UK financial systems are very similar in terms of basic policy; much of US law and other systems were changed only slightly after the American Revolution, and many systems in the US retain UK and European roots, including the economy. The root of the financial systems of both countries is the commercial bank. Historically, commercial banks have been around since the beginnings of history, during the development of monetary systems in early trading between kingdoms and empires. Banking is a very old institution, and most of the commercial banking rules and regulations in place in the US, as mentioned, are actually inherited from European systems of banking from the colonial era,

Human Resource Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource Strategy - Case Study Example This company is a worker co-op. It is one of the most exemplary companies when it comes to implementation of best practice strategies. This is because all the employees within the organisation are part owners of the organisation. The organisation focuses on addressing all their needs whether in the reward section or elsewhere. On the other hand, the employees pay back these efforts through commitment and best performance. Best practice has formed one of the organisation's key strengths. John Lewis partnership has made sure that training is part of its human resource and development efforts. This is because it realises the value of this best practice strategy. Pfeffer and Velga (1999) explain the importance of training and development of skills within any organisation. A company that takes its employees through training solidifies their contribution to the company. This is because such employees get equipped with the ability to make decisions in their work. On top of this, such employees have high levels of initiative and will try their utmost best to improve their organisational contribution. Skill development is a characteristic part of the John Lewis Partnership because employees who feel the need to improve their skills are given opportunities to do so through training schemes. Youndt et al (1996) emphasise that training is one of the most fundamental aspects of best... They claim that no amount of training will contribute towards organisational development if employees are not granted the permission to practice those acquired skills. This means that an organisation should try its best to grant work autonomy to its employees and to empower them through training. John Lewis has achieved this very well. In other retail companies, line managers are given minimal responsibilities. Most of them are expected to consult with higher authorities in order to decide on issues. However, the company under study has eliminated that problem by training those members of staff (so that they can have necessary skills) and then allowing them to make independent decisions. They believe that this is a form of investment into human capital since most of these employees feel valued. According to the Classical and Human relations approach, an organisation's structure and operation are affected by certain situational factors such as technology, size and environment. However best practice advocates like Burnes (2000) came up with a contingency theory. He believes that a reward system within any company can affect the way it operates or how it is structured. Pfeffer (1994) believes that best practice companies should have a structure that places staff members into groups. Those groups should be such that they have the ability to make their own decisions. Another aspect of best practise firms is that they ought to have reward systems that are compact in nature. This implies that there should be minimal differences between different members of staff so that most employees within the organisation operate in a relatively independent manner with the ability to make their own decisions. John Lewis' strategic capability in this aspect of structure is

Integrated marketing communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Integrated marketing communication - Assignment Example She also needs to know whether the products and brand are too expensive or whether some are too cheap that they appear not to be of good quality. Such information can be used to increase stocking of the products and brands in various joints, improve pricing and the quality of the products and brands. The types of data the distributorship should collect about business customers include the information on how many business customers, for instance restaurants and drinking establishments, prominently display her products, whether the business customers give her products a good, fair or poor shelf space in off-sale outlets or whether they stock it at all. She can use this information to build a bond with the business customers to help increase the sales of Aheuser-Busch brands. This information can also be used to create a new link with business customers that do not stock Aheuser-Busch brands in their shelves to make them start selling the brand. It can also help her convince the business customers to give a good or fair shelf space in off-sale outlets by coming to an agreeable business terms with them (Clow & Baack, 2012). The distributorship can build frequency or loyalty program in the area. In this scenario, effective frequency will work rather than loyalty because there are many competitors and building loyalty would be difficult. A frequency will work in the sense that the distributorship will advertise the brand over a period of time in a platform of choice before a response is made. The distributorship can do this after collecting data on individual customers and business customers. The brand is not popular like other brands like Heineken and frequency will advertise the brand more. The sales approach that should be used for various businesses by the sales staff that sells Anheuser-Busch products is the networker approach. This approach is where the sales

Human Resource Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource Strategy - Case Study Example This company is a worker co-op. It is one of the most exemplary companies when it comes to implementation of best practice strategies. This is because all the employees within the organisation are part owners of the organisation. The organisation focuses on addressing all their needs whether in the reward section or elsewhere. On the other hand, the employees pay back these efforts through commitment and best performance. Best practice has formed one of the organisation's key strengths. John Lewis partnership has made sure that training is part of its human resource and development efforts. This is because it realises the value of this best practice strategy. Pfeffer and Velga (1999) explain the importance of training and development of skills within any organisation. A company that takes its employees through training solidifies their contribution to the company. This is because such employees get equipped with the ability to make decisions in their work. On top of this, such employees have high levels of initiative and will try their utmost best to improve their organisational contribution. Skill development is a characteristic part of the John Lewis Partnership because employees who feel the need to improve their skills are given opportunities to do so through training schemes. Youndt et al (1996) emphasise that training is one of the most fundamental aspects of best... They claim that no amount of training will contribute towards organisational development if employees are not granted the permission to practice those acquired skills. This means that an organisation should try its best to grant work autonomy to its employees and to empower them through training. John Lewis has achieved this very well. In other retail companies, line managers are given minimal responsibilities. Most of them are expected to consult with higher authorities in order to decide on issues. However, the company under study has eliminated that problem by training those members of staff (so that they can have necessary skills) and then allowing them to make independent decisions. They believe that this is a form of investment into human capital since most of these employees feel valued. According to the Classical and Human relations approach, an organisation's structure and operation are affected by certain situational factors such as technology, size and environment. However best practice advocates like Burnes (2000) came up with a contingency theory. He believes that a reward system within any company can affect the way it operates or how it is structured. Pfeffer (1994) believes that best practice companies should have a structure that places staff members into groups. Those groups should be such that they have the ability to make their own decisions. Another aspect of best practise firms is that they ought to have reward systems that are compact in nature. This implies that there should be minimal differences between different members of staff so that most employees within the organisation operate in a relatively independent manner with the ability to make their own decisions. John Lewis' strategic capability in this aspect of structure is

Government re-investment of tax revenue and the impact on Income Research Paper

Government re-investment of tax revenue and the impact on Income inequality - Research Paper Example Where merchandise have a low versatility of interest (they are cost inelastic), an increment in tax or debt will prompt a little lessening sought after insufficient to counterbalance the higher duty gathered from every unit. Several studies have focused on the effects of changing tax rates and tax revenues available for reinvestment on the income inequality. While there is most likely, a tax reform can affect financial decisions, it is in no way, form self-evident, that tax rate slices will at last prompt a bigger economy. Feenberg and Poterba (145-177) mentioned that while the rate cuts would raise the after-tax form to working, sparing, and contributing, they would likewise raise the after-expense wage individuals get from their current level of exercises, which decreases their need to work, spare, and contribute. The main impact ordinarily raises financial movement (through alleged substitution impacts), while the second affect regularly diminishes it (through purported pay impacts) (Burtless & Hausman 1103-1130; Diamond 83-95). Moreover, on the off chance that they are not financed by using cuts, tax breaks will prompt an increment in government acquiring, which thusly, will further decrease long haul development. The chronicled proof and reenactment investigation is steady with the thought that tax reductions that are not financed by quick using cuts will have minimal positive effect on development (Feldstein 28-43). Tax reform is more mind boggling, as it includes tax rate cuts and additionally base-expanding changes. Feldstein (551-572) alleged that there is a hypothetical assumption that such changes ought to raise the general size of the economy in the long haul; however, the impact and greatness of the effect are liable to impressive instability. Kaplan et al (999-1003) added that one reality that regularly escapes unnoticed is that growing the tax base by lessening or disposing of duty consumptions

Tell-Tale Heart Essay Example for Free

Tell-Tale Heart Essay In Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator has a hard time dealing with an old mans disfunctioned eye, and he becomes insane. In this story an old man is killed merely because of his eye. The narrator is crazy and cant stand the eye and he becomes outraged and suffocates the poor old man. Every night for weeks the narrator would peek his head in the old mans room and observe him sleep in everyway he could: Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in. (#) This quote shows how creepy the narrator truely was. He had been planning and watching the old man night after night before the very night he murdered him. The narrator was so precise and made everything perfected, or so he thought The night the murder was to occur the narrator was watching ever so carefully, the old man seemed to sense fear and awoken. He let out a loud groan, and told himself the fear was all in his head: It is nothing but the wind in the chimney- it is only a mouse crossing the floor, or it is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp.(#) The narrator was so cunning and sly the old man didnt even notice his long glares all night. So late that quiet night, the old man was suffocated in his sleep because of his careless thinking. The old man is now dead and left under the floorboards to rot. Unexpectedly a pair of policmen come knocking on the door, but the narrator had nothing to fear, for her was incredibly slick and clean about this whole thing. The narrator had welcomed the policemen inside the house to inspect everything and answer any questions needed: The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them. I was singularly at ease. They sat and while I answered cheerily, they chatted of familiar things. But, ere long, I felt pale and wished them gone. (#) The narrator sweet talked his way out of the officers until they stayed so long his concience began to catch up with him. It made him so sick he couldnt take it. Just when he thought he was safe, he was completely wrong.  The narrator couldnt take it anymore, he confessed and opened the floorboards for the officers to see. Off to the slammer for him.

Selective Oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM)

Selective Oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM) Lucy Perry Perry Pharma Development Pipeline Introduction: Perry Pharma Research Development (PP-RD) has been investigating Selective Oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM) for potential development that will be effective in both breast and uterine cancer as part of its drug pipeline. Early clinical testing of PKWT and PKWX, for which PP holds Australian patents (66633 –PKWT and 44455 – PKWX) for, indicates significant improvement in their selectivity, clinical outcomes and safety profiles when compared to the current SERMs. Thus, providing an assessment of the development considerations including efficacy, safety, therapeutic indications and potential market share would aid PP in making decisions concerning the development of these molecules. This information is now vital due to a potential infringement of patent 66633 – PKWT, by HCH who manufacture ‘Tamax’, and are about to launch the successor ‘Pro-tam’. PP-RD has analysed samples of ‘Pro-tam’, which has been identified as PKWT. Because of the impending launch, PP-Legal is including recommendations for dealing with this infringement within this review. Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators Cancers that grow in response to oestrogen are termed ‘ER-positive’. Oestrogen receptor positive cancers growth is modulated by oestrogen binding at the oestrogen receptor (ER). These ER are located in breast, bone, central nervous system and uterine tissues. SERMs action in the body is through agonism or antagonism at the ER, leading to both positive and negative effects depending on the tissue site. Antagonism of the ER and blocking of the action of oestrogen in a specific tissue such as the breast or uterus is responsible for anti-cancer action of a SERM (Fabian 2005, Maximov 2013). PP is interested in developing PKWT and PKWX for these ER-positive cancers. Treatment of ER-positive cancer: ER positive cancers are one of the most common forms of breast cancer subtype (ACS 2014a). SERMs are used as primary, combination or adjuvant therapy for cancers expressing the ER receptor (Yilmaz 2013, ACOG 2014, Sledge 2014). Compound choice is dependent on the patient population, and the associated treatment period may last up to 10 years (ACOG 2014, Sledge 2014). In uterine and endometrial cancers SERMs are less utilized, (Burke 2003, ACS 2014b,c). Tamoxifen has shown some efficacy, however the Product Information does not list endometrial and uterine cancer within the indications; these are included in the Precautions section (eBS 2014, ACS 2014b, c). Highly selective SERMs are being developed to reduce off target action and improve safety profile, through exploiting the receptor subtypes. (Jordan 2004, Maximov 2013). However biological agent based therapies for breast and uterine cancers (Fabian 2005) make the future for SERMs unclear. Issues in the development of PKWT PKWX: Indications: PP needs to be strategic in the selection of indications to pursue. This will dictate not only the size of the treatable population and the amount of clinical data required for the registration dossier but also potential return on investment. It will also play a significant part in whether the compounds are listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) PKWT and PKWX both have shown high selectivity as well as good safety and clinical outcomes in women of all ages compared to current SERMs and establish these compounds within an already crowded market. First, PP can position development of a ‘one tablet for both breast and uterine indications for all ages’. Although this will mean a complex and costly clinical development plan, it entails a potentially a larger population to treat due to the wider indications. Second, PP may take a different approach aiming for a specific indication such as the ER positive breast cancer in post-menopausal women, but limiting the treatable population. It is worth noting importantly that there are no SERMs with approved indications for uterine or endometrial cancer, despite phase II trials (Munster 2006), which indicates a potential gap in the market. PP could launch the first SERMs indicated for ER-positive uterine cancer. PP will need rates of ER positive uterine cancer to determine the available market to ensure return on investment and determine any potential competition through patent searches. The third option is to enter the market leveraging the structural novelty of PKWX active metabolite, with improved outcomes and safety. This may provide a compelling case for prescribers to switch treatment options. Efficacy PKWT and PKWX have both shown good clinical outcomes for both breast and uterine cancer. They are also highly selective, which is an important consideration so that off-target action is minimised which responsible for the safety profile of the current SERMs (discussed in Safety section) A consideration for prescribers is the secondary effects of oestrogen treatment. SERMs have been shown to be effective against osteoporosis, keeping lipid profiles favourable, aiding in the reduction in symptoms of menopause, cardio-protectivity and risk prevention of cancer (Maximov 2013, Munster 2006, Pickar 2010). PKWT and PKWX must show some of these positive secondary effects to be competitive. Prescribers will not switch to SERMs which can lead to the same outcome but leave a patient worse off e.g. from loss of bone minerals or exacerbation of menopausal symptoms. Length of treatment with SERMs such as Tamoxifen can be up to 10 years to ensure optimal clinical outcomes for patient (ACOG 2014). PP needs to investigate whether PKWT or PKWX requires the same significant period of treatment to achieve clinical outcomes. Safety Due to the pharmacological action of SERM’s acting as either agonists or antagonists at the ER, negative secondary effects can occur. SERMs safety profile includes development of endometrial abnormalities, increased risk of endometrial cancers, pulmonary venous thromboembolism’s and increased incidence of stroke (Pickar 2010, Qin 2013). PKWT PKWX have been found to have better safety profiles, due to the higher selectivity for breast and uterine ER’s, both acting as antagonists at these receptors. Tamoxifen has agonistic properties at uterine tissue which is linked to its use increasing the risk of uterine/endometrial cancers (Yilmaz 2013). However no information has been provided on the adverse event profile known to date and no animal data on long term use associated with treatment length of current SERMs. Market Share and Market Advantage: ‘Tamax’ is a recognised brand, (first patented 1978) with an established market; it is now the preferred treatment for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women. ‘Pro-tam’ which has reportedly an improved safety profile over the originator ‘Tamax’, already has an established brand and market. PP may become a direct competitor and will require a significant point of difference to change prescribing habits of clinicians. The market advantage within the breast cancer treatment arena may be the improved safety and clinical outcome; however PP needs to consider whether it wants to produce a ‘me-too’ compound. As a SERM to treat uterine cancer specifically, it would be a first. PP should consider pursuing compounds specifically into this new market, especially if there is the added advantage of treating breast cancer. Again PP should consider the structural novelty of the PKWX metabolite as well as improved safety and clinical outcome as a market advantage to attract clinicians and gain some ground in the ER-positive breast cancer market. Regions in which Tamax has been launched needs to be obtained, so PP can determine if there are any new markets, and if there are regional specific factors such as the PBS. Pricing strategy and treatment indications will be important in these markets. Investment Costs As part of the review process there needs to consideration of the level of return on investment. PP need to be sure that if development goes forward they have a treatable population and potential to gain market share or market advantage. PP may wish to consider attempting to out-license the compounds if the development costs prove too much of an investment. Legal: PP-Legal has flagged potential PKWT patent infringement by HCH. The associated legal proceedings may add significant costs to the development budget and also effect development timelines. ‘Pro-tam’: Potential Patent Infringement? HCH is launching ‘Pro-tam’, a prodrug that is claimed to be metabolised into ‘Tamax’. PP-RD have analysed the metabolite and found it to be PKWT. PP-Legal advises pursuing this as a potential infringement by HCH on the PKWT patent and to ensure appropriate legal action is taken to avoid any adverse impact on further development of PKWT. PP-Legal have suggested undertaking the following steps: Review the ‘Pro-tam’ priority date to ensure that it is dated after the PKWT priority date (25 April 2002). If the ‘Pro-tam’ patent does have a priority date prior to 25 April 2002: PP-Legal will review the ‘Pro-tam’ patent to determine any grounds to challenge its validity or navigate around the patent. Applying for a patent on PKWT for uterine cancer. This will require negotiation of a licensing agreement with HCH. PP transfers its efforts to the development of the more novel PKWX. If the patent for ‘Pro-tam’ was lodged after the priority date for PKWT, PP has grounds to pursue patent infringement and attempt to block the ‘Pro-tam’ launch by lodging a request for an interlocutory injunction. This will allow PP to restrain the allegedly infringing actions by HCH until settled in court (IP Australia 2012). The justification would be based on the ‘Pro-tam’ patent not meeting the novelty criteria as the chemical structure of ‘Pro-tam’ is listed as part of the PKWT claim scope (IP Australia 2012). HCH legally can patent the prodrug, but at the point of metabolism, the PKWT patent is infringed. PP-Legal have previously determined PKWT does not exist in published prior art. A patent on a prodrug and its metabolites is only valid if all conditions of patent validity are met. The ‘Pro-tam’ active metabolite structures should therefore be captured in the claims. If the PKWT structure is not listed and the PP-RD can provide evidence that PKWT is the active metabolite, there are grounds to claim falsification of aspects of the patent, as HCH has not disclosed all claim details into the public domain, thus invalidating the patent (IP Australia 2012). Here the emphasis is on HCH proving the case otherwise. PP-Legal suggests creating a further portfolio of surrounding patents for maximum protection of PP intellectual property and allow for further development of the SERM pipeline. The ‘Tamax’ patent has since lapsed, however, for completeness, PP-Legal have provided potential actions for PP to still patent PKWT if the Tamax patent was still valid. The original patent claimed a single isomer structure, which is not PKWT, nor was it described as racemic. The existence of other isomers was not common knowledge at the time of the patent application so HCH were likely unaware that the structure listed in the claim scope had isomers. Between 1996 2000 journal articles were published discussing the discovery of isomers of compounds that may confer improved efficacy and safety profiles. Despite these articles being in the public domain, HCH did not move to patent any potential isomers of ‘Tamax’. If a compound is described as a racemic mix in the aspects and that patent is challenged, court rulings in previous legal cases have stated that it is considered common knowledge that racemic mixtures may contain isomers with different properties and that it is obvious to try to separate these. Considering this information, PP could move to patent the PKWT isomer, on the basis that Existence of different isomers of compounds was not common knowledge at the time of the original ‘Tamax’ patent so the argument of obviousness that the patent would cover the PKWT isomer cannot be made by HCH (IP Australia 2012). If HCH had claimed a generalised formula for ‘Tamax’ type compounds, PP would be infringing (Harris 2013). Information on differences in efficacy and safety of undiscovered isomers has been in the public domain since 1996 and HCH still did not move to patent any isomers. Separation of isomers is possible by skilled practitioners since technological advancements have occurred. Conditions of patent validity can be met by PP – PKWT is novel as it is not described in prior art, it is inventive in that it requires a person skilled in the art (i.e. not obvious) to separate the isomers and it is potentially useful in treating disease (IP Australia 2012). Development Recommendations: PP needs to consider which indications to pursue –as it will affect the size and cost of the clinical development programme. The improved clinical outcome and safety, as well as selectivity, can provide market advantage in both indications. However, a breast cancer ‘me-too’ drug may not be successful in obtaining a PBS listing which is crucial to success of a medicine in the Australian market. The PKWT patent infringement proceedings may affect development schedules and add significant cost. Whereas PKWX has a novel structure that is not subject to patent infringement, so this may be the better compound to pursue to avoid the legal route Word Count 2118 References American Cancer Society (2014a) Breast Cancer http://www.cancer.org/> (Accessed Aug2014) American Cancer Society (2014b) Uterine Cancer http://www.cancer.org/> (Accessed Aug2014) American Cancer Society (2014c) Endometrial Cancer http://www.cancer.org/> (Accessed Aug2014) American College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists (2014) Committee Opinion – Tamoxifen and Uterine Cancer. www.acog.org> (Accessed Aug2014) Burke TW Walker CL (2003) Arzoxifene as therapy for endometrial cancer Gynaecologic Oncology 90 (2003) S40–S46. (Accessed Aug2014) eBS (2014) TGA Nolvadex Product Information. Astra Zeneca 2013 https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au (Accessed Aug2014) Fabian CJ Kimler BF (2005) Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators for Primary Prevention of Breast. CancerJ Clin Oncol 23:1644-1655 (Accessed Aug2014) Harris, T., Nicol, D., Gruen, N. 2013 Pharmaceutical Patents Review Report. Commonwealth Government of Australia.http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/2013-05-27_PPR_Final_Report.pdf> (Accessed Aug2014) IP Australia (2012) Pharmaceutical Patents Review: Background issues and suggested Issues Paper. Commonweath Government of Australia www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/Background_and_Suggested_Issues_Paper_PharmaReview.pdf> (Accessed Aug2014) Jordan VC (2004) Selective estrogen receptor modulation Concept and consequences in cancer. Cancer Cell Volume 5, Issue 3, p207–213. (Accessed Aug2014) Maximov PY,Lee TM,Jordan VC (2013) The discovery and development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for clinical practice. Curr Clin Pharmacol.2013 May;8(2):135-55 (Accessed Aug2014) Munster PN (2006) Arzoxifene: the development and clinical outcome of an ideal SERM. Drug Evaluation March 2006, Vol. 15, No. 3 , Pages 317-326. (Accessed Aug2014) McMeekin DS, Gordon A, Fowler J, Melemed A, Buller R, Burke T, Bloss J, Sabbatini P (2003) A phase II trial of arzoxifene, a selective estrogen response modulator, in patients with recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 90 (2003) 64–69. (Accessed Aug2014) Qin T, Yuan ZY, Peng RJ, Zeng YD, Shi YX, Teng XY, Liu DG, Bai B Wang SS (2013) Efficacy andtolerability of toremifene and tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal patients with operable breast cancer: a retrospective analysis. Curr Oncol, Vol. 20, pp. 196-204; (Accessed Aug2014) Pickar JH, MacNeil T Ohleth K (2010) SERMs: Progress and future perspectives Maturitas Volume 67, Issue 2, Pages 129-138, October 2010 (Accessed Aug2014) Sledge GW, Mamounas EP, Hortobagyi GN, Burstein HJ, Goodwin PJ Wolff AC, (2014) Past, Present, and Future Challenges in Breast Cancer Treatment Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 32, No 19 (July 1), 2014: pp 1979-1986 (Accessed Aug2014) Yilmaz S,Gà ¶nenà § IM,Yilmaz E (2014) Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review. Cytotechnology.2014 Aug; 66(4):533-41.(Accessed Aug2014) Personal Reflection Starting this assignment I had no real knowledge of SERMs- I had a basic understanding of the use of tamoxifen so building background knowledge was a prompt learning curve. However, such events are to be expected in all professional practice and simply enable improvement. When I think about the writing and the researching of this assignment, I can say that I found the intellectual property section the most challenging and intellectually stimulating area, as it resonated with my detail oriented nature and love of deconstructing/reconstructing events and processes. I enjoyed the researching of case law and the practicalities of patents. I always enjoy doing the literature searches and review of papers, and the chance to delve into the legal terminology pushed me outside my comfort zone. The drug development side of the assignment was not so interesting to me. I would put this down to the word limit not really allowing for much exploration of the area. I would have liked to explore market share and the epidemiological basis and strategy of selecting an indication/s for these compounds in a much more detailed review. Because of my work sits strongly in the population health area, this early end of the development pathway is not really something that I am asked to consider often. However from the viewpoint of building a personal knowledge base and being able to provide answers to my direct reports regarding the drug development process in a more holistic manner, this assignment has been of help. Search Strategy Keyword Wildcard Search: PubMed Google Scholar SERM, oestrogen receptor modulator, ER breast cancer, ER uterine cancer, ER endometrial cancer, tamoxifen, hormonal cancer, Obtained literature centred on these wild card searches. Reviewed the literature to build a knowledge base to write the first half of the assignment. Reviewed 9128 course notes to finalise ideas. Keyword Wildcard search: Google Google Scholar Pharmaceutical Patents, enantiomer patents, isomer patents, isomer legal cases, patent portfolios, patent law Australia, pharmaceutical patent cases Australia, intellectual property law Australia, Obviousness, inventiveness. Obtained literature and websites centred around these wildcard searches, Reviewed the literature to build understanding of IP law and previous case law. Referred back to Australian IP law to check proposal was sound. Reviewed 9128 course notes to finalise ideas.

Nudity: Art or Pornography :: Essays Papers

Nudity: Art or Pornography People often end up on the opposite sides of the argument concerning the fine line between art and pornography. Artists sometimes include nude depictions or descriptions of the human form in their work. The artists and many other liberals and citizens of the art world argue that it is important for artists to feel the freedom to express themselves in any way that they wish. The problem with this liberty is that many people find the nude body offensive and believe that these images should not be considered art but pornography instead. This is a valid and important dilemma, but as Dennis Barrie describes art in a speech that was published in Art Journal, â€Å"†¦sometimes art is not beautiful, and sometimes it’s challenging, and sometimes it’s even offensive, and yet it can be art, even if it’s all those things† (Barrie 30). Artists should always be allowed to express themselves fully and not fear public reprimand despite the risk they may run of offending people who cannot appreciate their work. The United States has always prided itself on being a free country that values its first amendment. Many people agree that the most important right in the United States constitution is a citizen’s right to freely express him or herself. The problem in this situation is that people also value living in a country without fear of being offended. Our laws are created to protect one’s self as well as others. So, it is important to attempt to meet everyone’s needs as much as is possible in a free society. Dennis Barrie, director of Contemporary Arts Center of Cincinnati, was indicted and eventually acquitted for the exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe, depicting nudity and human bondage. In 1991 Barrie spoke of the events surrounding the situation at the seventy-ninth annual convocation of the College Art Association in a speech called â€Å"The Scene of the Crime†. When Barrie described the day that the police entered the museum to remove the photographs he makes an important point, â€Å"More than anything, that image—that image of policeman in uniforms pushing patrons out of a museum because of what is on the walls—is the image that’s going to haunt me for the rest of my life. Because that isn’t our country, or it shouldn’t be our country† (Barrie 30).

The Cabin in the Woods

The Cabin in the Woods 1. Joss Whedon says that ‘The Cabin in the Woods’ is â€Å"your basic horror movie taken apart; five kids go to a cabin in the woods to have a fun weekend of partying and possibly sex†¦ and are therefore dismembered†. Whedon and Goddard have in essence tried to create a movie with roots tied to the horror genre; it is simply your common slasher movie where the characters are killed off one by one till there is either one person left or none for that matter. The Cabin in the Woods’ also has ties to other genres such as comedy, this can be seen in scenes such as where they are all sitting around in the main room, playing truth or dare, and Jules is dared to kiss the wolfs head on the wall, also in the scene where Marty has a bong that can retract into a coffee mug. ‘The Cabin in the Woods' turns the horror genre on its  head. The film is a satire and pays  homage  to some of  the great scary movies from the past such as Sam Raimi's ‘Evil Dead' and also Dario Argento's ‘Suspira'.Another genre that is incorporated into the movie is sci-fi. We see this when Marty and Dana descend in the lift to where the scientists are, we then see various ‘nightmare’ characters with some being human and the majority being made up creatures, this is part of the sci-fi genre as it usually contains monsters and mythical creatures that are not found in real life and questions normality. 2.The narrative structure of ‘The Cabin in the Woods’ is linear. It starts with equilibrium where everything is going well, this is seen when all of the 5 are meeting up together getting prepared to start on their journey. This is then followed by disruption where the first character is killed off which would be Jules. The quest for restoration is found in the scene where Dana and Holden go into the lift and look to stop all of it.The equilibrium being restored can be seen for two sides, one being that it is restored as the operation is shut down, but the other side being that it isn’t restored as the whole world ends because of the ‘gods’ that are unleashed. 3. There are many different representations of gender in ‘The Cabin in the Woods’. Firstly, the two women, Jules and Dana, are defined as The Whore and The Virgin which is two opposite ends of the spectrum whose deaths are meant to serve as bookends for the others.The order of deaths is irrelevant except in the case of the women. Jules, as the corrupted whore, has to die first, and Dana, the Virgin, has to die last,  that’s if she dies at all. As Hadley says, â€Å"The virgin’s death is optional as long as it’s last. † The female characters are defined only by their sexuality; nothing else about them really matters. In certain scenes Laura Mulvey’s theory of the ‘male gaze’ is prevalent. When Dana is getting undressed in her room, Holden f inds out that he can see through a window into her room, but she can’t.We see the camera follow Dana up and down as she takes off her clothes, then the camera switches back round to Holden, who we see watching her but trying to look away at the same time. Still, the men don’t fare much better with their prescribed roles. They are given the roles of The Athlete, The Scholar, and The Fool. The Athlete is your typical American jock who has a naturally athletic and muscly body and loves sports. The scholar is represented as being a book worm whose only passion is education and reading books and the fool is represented as being basically dumb.

‘My parents kept me from children who were rough’ by Stephen Harold Essay

Introduction: Sir Stephen Harold spender was an English poet, novelist, and essayist who concentrated on themes of social justice and the class struggle in his work, (February 28, 1909, London- July 16 1955). Stephen spender took a keen interest in politics and declared himself to be a socialist and pacifist. This poem is about a boy who longs to be part of a group of children who he looks up to. I think the poet is writing about himself because he uses a lot of words like ‘my’, ‘me’ and ‘I’. Analysis: The fist line seems to blame the Parents of the situation, and only after finishing the poem, you understand that is was actually the parents fault. In the first paragraph the poet introduces some of the things the children do. The poet writes about them throwing â€Å"Words like Stones†, this indicates that the language would hurt him, it was insulting. He also writes about how they dress and take off their clothes. The children wear rags and ‘torn clothes’, these boys wore such torn and ragged clothes that he could actually see their thighs where the clothes were torn. â€Å"They ran in the street†, as a middle class boy, his parents probably would not allow him to play in the streets. â€Å"And climbed cliffs and stripped by the country streams†, these boys could go wherever they wanted, without parental supervision. This gives the idea that the children have a reckless nature, they are the lower class. This is a gang of kids that the author was not allowed to hang around, but he must have felt very lonely. He is quick to show the misery of their situation. The second verse, it tells movement of a jerking action. I think this is effective because it helps paint a picture in the reader’s head of the boy â€Å"jerking† under the boy’s knees, of the violence involved when they attack him. He was frightened of these boys, because they would fight him, and pin him to the ground, kneeling on him so he couldn’t escape. Perhaps they hit him as well. (Jerking hands) â€Å"I feared the salt coarse pointing of those boys who copied my lisp behind me on the road†, He was frightened by the way they pointed at him in a rude way, and mimicked the way he spoke. The third verse shows, that these boys were strong, agile boys, who would lie in wait for him to pass by. They hid behind hedges, and as he drew near they leapt out at him, â€Å"barking like dogs† or shouting roughly. They threw mud at him, and he could not retaliate, but had to keep walking, and pretend it was funny. But actually, it was frightening and hurtful. He really wanted to be friends with them, and play their rough games, but they never invited him, he was just the object of their scorn. The contrasts again between weak and strong, lithe, sprang, barked. Those are all strong words suggesting that he was bullied by the local ‘gang’ of street children. He was excluded from their community because of his class and his lisp. He seems to be envious of their freedom, the freedom that â€Å"rough kids† take for granted. There seems to be two existing worlds, one of the lower class, and the other the middle class, this seems to create an invisible barrier between the two worlds. The children and the boy are all jealous, jealousy works both ways. The middle class boy wants to change his life, he see’s the bully’s to be free, though he is not, and they see him to have everything he’s ever wanted, but either way no ones happy, he wants to spend a day in their shoes. The poem is set as 3 stanzas, quatrain, the lines 1 and 2 are erratic. There is a lot of alliteration, for example, climbed, cliffs, and country. Conclusion: The poem is about rich vs. poor, over all in the poem â€Å"My parents kept me from children who were rough† a young boy is being bullied by rough and strong boys who intimidate him, so his parents have chosen to keep him away from them. It also brings in two worlds of childhood, the lower and higher of children.

German social life between 1933 and 1939 Essay

Using all Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that the Nazis successfully managed to control all aspects of German social life between 1933 and 1939 [70] The Nazis tried to control all aspects of German social life so that they would support the Nazi party thus giving them more power. This meant they wanted to control who the followers spoke to and who they were friends with. They did this with many different techniques; the main one being propaganda. The Nazis used propaganda to control the beliefs of the German people. The used many different ways to control aspects of a person’s social life to gain popularity and power. These included: radio, music, literature, art, film and festivals. Most of these are aspects of a German’s social life. They also tried to control who the German’s interacted with and who they had relationships with. For example they would portray Jews as ‘bad’ people to stop others from socialising with them, thus pushing them out of society. They did this by showing the Jews as evil and influential to others on posters and other propaganda documents. But some people were not influenced by these techniques and if they didn’t up rise against the Nazi takeover, they just carried with their lives as usual. This is shown in Hitler Youth organisations, many of the children who joined didn’t actually ‘love’ the Furher like they were meant to and did not hope to serve the country; they joined purely because they wanted to have fun and join in with activities they couldn’t do at school. However, once they had joined most of them were indoctrinated and sucked into the Nazi lifestyle. The Nazis knew that a majority of Germans listen to the radio and so gained control over it. In 1934 regional radio stations were removed from the control of the lander and the Reich Radio Company took over. This meant that any music or anything that was played on the radio had been accepted by the Nazis and so was probably Nazi-related. For example the radio was used to transmit Hitler speeches to everyone across the country. This is shown in source B where a journalist reports on the response of Germans to a Hitler speech in a Berlin cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. This implies that important things like this were played in local places so that everyone could hear. This is an aspect of a German’s social life because they used cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s to socialise with people. The Nazis managed to control this by installing radios and loudspeakers so things such as the speech could be heard. This was successful because Hitler was a very good public speaker and managed to win over masses of supporters with his inspirational talks. In spite of this, source B suggests that this was not very successful. ‘No one else in the crowded cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ listened to Adolf Hitler’. This shows that although Hitler was an extremely good speaker, some people did not react to this and so this part of their social life remained uncontrolled. Moreover, to gain control over the German people, the Nazis tried to get through their sub-consciousness. This meant using propaganda through things such as music and film. These were things that the Germans would watch or listen to and take in whatever information that was played, but this was done sub-consciously, as they were not aware of the information they were actually taking in. Source D shows this ‘National Socialist doctrine’ was in ‘every painting, film, stamp†¦, public building†¦, toys†¦, people’s houses, in tales and costumes†¦, songs†¦, poems†¦, in schools’ and ‘even in household goods.’ This source shows that this propaganda was literally everywhere , people could not get away from it. Therefore because it was everywhere the Germans would have sub-consciously taken in all of these things, and started to believe and support the Nazis. Source D also suggests how successfully they did this ‘ everyone played a part. Discipline, obedience, self-sacrifice, loyalty, duty†¦ The penetration of Nazi culture into every sphere of social life never ceased.’ This suggests that this technique worked; everyone was ‘indoctrinated’ by the Nazis and supported them. They did whatever they could for their country and Furher. However this source could be questioned as it was written in 1992, therefore the author: P. Adam, was not there at the time and the information he may have gathered may be false. In contrast to this as it is a book purely on the Nazis: ‘The Arts of the Third Reich’ the author would’ve researched for the book a lot. He would have made sure that all information was from a reliable source and that it was a true as possible. Both source B and D speak about the response to the Nazi propaganda. Yet, they contradict each other; source B talks about how the public showed no response to the speech that was being played in the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Whereas source D says that the Nazis successfully managed to win over everybody, and these people sacrificed everything for them and their country. Another part of a German’s social life the Nazis took over was a child’s education. Source D talks about how ‘National Socialist doctrine’ was in ‘the songs and poems taught in schools,’ this shows how the Nazis tried to indoctrinate children while they were young. When they are young they are more vulnerable and more influential. This means the Nazis have more chance of making the children support them. This was successful because most children, when they finished school, were true Nazis. The boys became soldiers for their country and were willing to die for it. The girls became the perfect housewives and mothers. Nonetheless most of the children joined groups like the Hitler Youth because they thought it was fun; they could do activities that they wouldn’t usually do at school. This is another example of the Nazis controlling another aspect of a German’s social life. However, the real question is whether this actually impacted on the German population. Source C shows it did; as it shows in the provenance that ‘99% of the 48 million votes cast in Germany and Austria voted in favour’ of the union of Germany with Austria. This shows that the Nazis had successfully completed the task of making people follow them; almost the whole population. However, many of these votes may have just voted for to follow the rest of the country. Moreover, the voters may have felt pressurised into voting which is also shown in Source C. The poster shows a lot of soldiers in uniform saluting. This would make people feel intimidated because of the power the soldiers have over them; if instructed, they have the authority to take away anybody’s life. People may feel pressurised into following them, just to keep peace with the Nazis and just because everyone else is. This shows that although the Nazis were successful in controlling German social life, they were unsuccessful in gaining true followers. In contrast to Source C, Source B speaks how ‘No one else in the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ listened to Adolf Hitler’ when his speech was played on a loud speaker. This shows the Nazis successfully controlling this part of the population’s social life. But it also suggests that some of the public were not swayed but this, and they just chose to go on with their lives a usual, and ignoring the changes around them. In conclusion, Nazis did control almost all aspects of a German’s social life. They did this to gain popularity and more followers. Through controlling a German’s social life they were able to indoctrinate them, with the thought that the Nazi party was the best for the country, and to make them become a follower of them. Furthermore, the more fans they gained the more of the German population would follow their example. Overall the Nazis were successful in controlling all aspects of a German’s social life, which is shown in source D. In which a modern historian describes how ‘National Socialist doctrine’ was in literally every part of German social life. Although this shows they were successful in controlling the social life, it does not show whether this domination actually swayed the public into following the Nazis.

The Electronic Appliance Maker And Marketer (Samsung) Essay

The Electronic Appliance Maker And Marketer (Samsung) - Essay Example No company is a unique entity independent of its external environment. These factors influence how a business operates and compiling a pest analysis generates valuable information to analyze a company’s business environment as a whole (Johnson, 2008). Political Despite the political situation being conducive in the majority of the countries where it operates, Samsung faces serious, political threats in its countries of operation. The political climate in South Korea has recently become a perturbing for Samsung, and the company faces similar political instability in North Korea (Michell, 2010). The situation is not as grave  as that in some of the countries where it operates. In African and South East Asian countries, Samsung is experiencing a discrete limitation due to the harsh business environment. The company enjoys favorable political conditions in countries like china and India, allowing it to build a better focus and concentrate on the markets. South Korea's relations with China have improved recently, creating a favorable business environment for Samsung. Taxes in China are also low, and the Chinese tariffs are on a declining trend (Michell, 2010). Economic Since entering the China market, Samsung posted its first profit in 1911 and 23 of its local manufacturing companies achieved a cumulative surplus in 2000. The company started to formulate a new business strategy for undertaking its business in china at the group level after the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States (Luo, 2001). The attacks highlighted how the company’s reliance on the US market left it vulnerable. Samsung reconstructed its global strategies around china in order to overcome the... This paper approves that Samsung is an established comprehensive manufacturer of electronic components and parts, therefore playing a significant role in the electronic industry. Its competitive strategy, vision and mission have focused on differentiation and cost leadership. Samsung statements have included continuous development leadership and competitive production costs with high quality being one of its major strategic items. The company has been investing on strengthening its cost competitiveness and restructuring its production mix. It is constantly improving its innovation, quality, and customer service to stay competitive. Strong innovation is a key priority for product differentiation and Samsungs manufacturing system focuses on flexibility, quality, and retaining balance to attain the core of problems faster. This strategy is critical in the company’s effort to attain international recognition as being a leader in the industry. The company also stresses on securing the latest level of technology and quality assurance at the highest standard possible in attempts to continue improving reliability. This report makes a conclusion that the company has developed a strong structural integration which includes production, procurement, marketing, and research and development. Through this everyone in the company shares information and logistics on a real-time basis to support organizational downsizing, management renovation and engineering concurrently. Samsung has insisted on sticking to its purchasing policy in obtaining superior quality.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Essay

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - Essay Example The U.S.-Canada agricultural provisions for Free Trade Agreement were incorporated into the NAFTA in 1989. With the creation of NAFTA all tariffs affecting agricultural trade between the United States and Canada were all removed but with very few exceptions for items covered by tariff-rate quotas. Moreover, Mexico and Canada also reached a separate bilateral NAFTA harmony on market entree for farm products. The Mexican-Canadian agreement also served in the elimination of a number of tariffs. However, some tariffs remained in force between countries such as those affecting trade in dairy, poultry, eggs, and sugar products. This paper intends to highlight some of the reasons behind Canada, the US, and Mexico, entering into the NAFTA, the concerns of each nation, and finally determine whether these concerns materialized. The Conception of the NAFTA Idea The most significant characteristic of the manner in which the free trade within the Western Hemisphere had influenced the trading syst em was a culmination of efforts to bridge the gap between the Northern and Southern Divide. NAFTA ensures that there is free trade between a major developing country and two developed countries that have undergone significant industrial revolution. This agreement in its entirety is usually based fully on reciprocal commitments. For instance, Mexico, in its own self-interest decided to open its market to far better degree as compared to United States and Canada. Mexico made this move because its tariffs accompanied by other border restriction were much higher at the onset. In addition, some of the areas of commitment that were extremely significant to Mexico include intellectual right to property, unrestricted procurement, ventures, and free transportation. It is worth noting that the sharp peculiarity between developed and developing nations, which permeated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and currently the World Trade Organization (WTO) and which held the history of preferential trade considerations was not included within NAFTA. Furthermore, the outlook for a Free Trade Area of the America (FTAA) agreement aims at continuing with this non-special/non-differential affiliation. Even the small countries are certain to receive special and fair treatment since the implementation of free trade commitments and such regional integration on non-preferential basis is likely to have a considerable impact on the future of NAFTA. In fact, this process of developing a comprehensive free trade area within the Western Hemisphere through closing down the gap between the developed and developing nations or countries is compatible with the continued transformation of the multilateral World Trade Organization. However, there were various reasons behind Canada, Mexico, and US joining North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which are discussed hereunder: Reasons behind Canada’s Entry into NAFTA Upon the introduction of NAFTA, Canada did not welcome t he idea of expanding the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to a third country. In Ottawa, politicians were reticent in regards to the FTA and therefore they questioned the insight of additional tribulations. Nevertheless, through absolute expediency, Canada realized that the Mexico and U.S. were more than willing to sign an agreement in the midst of