Theories of Growth, Loss and Stress

Theories of Growth, Loss and StressTheories are used to explain the characteristics and circumstances of individual. Theories look at tender growth and development managing acquittance and change managing filter out and behaviourPsychoanalytical TheoryThis approach looks at the underlying unconscious processes in individuals. Ideas developed by Sigmund Freud.Sigmund Freud he stated the view that the child is born with basic savage instincts that operate at the unconscious level of thought. These instincts require immediate gratification. Development depends in part on transforming these animal needs into socially acceptable, rational behaviour. The range of potential behaviour is very broad at birth and then becomes increasingly reduced in scope, obstinate in form and shaped to conform to social norms (Boundless, 2017).Eriksons Psychosocial TheoryEriksons theory is based on the psychoanalytic approach to human development, founded by Sigmund Freud.Erikson believed that the pro cess of socialise the child into a given culture occurs as the person passes done eight innately determined, sequential stages. Although he recognized the individuals instinctual drives, Erikson emphasized the childs fundamental interaction with the environment (Erikson, 1959). For Erikson, the publications of later childhood can undo the personality foundations built earlier in smell (Boundless, 2017).Behaviourist theoryThis is used to describe human behaviour. The concept is that all human behaviour can be understood as a result of learning. There are two types of learning Classical condition inducing a natural reflex response to a stimulus and Operant conditioning using reward and punishment to modify behaviour (McLeod, 2017). behaviourism helps to modify behaviour by using operant conditioning. E.g. if a client does something wrong, they should be told of so that they do not repeat their wrong doings. At the kindred time we offer some rewards for good behaviour to reinfo rce those behaviours.Humanistic TheoryThis theory tries to understand human development according to how the self develops. smell out of self in terms of self-concepts, and self-esteem is developed right from childhood. Self-concept is about how we see ourselves.eg(female, tall, brown-eyed, skills and competences, being kind, shy outgoing, lively, thoughtful, honest and so on, fire fighter, doctor, brformer(a) sister etc. Self-esteem refers to how we fell about ourselves. How much value we give to ourselves and how lovable and likeable we believe ourselves to be. The self-esteem can be shattered depending on how individuals are interact. If discriminated against, ridiculed, neglected criticised,individuals will develop a low self-esteem (AQA,2017).NatureThis account of behaviour and personality development focuses on what we are born with. This acknowledge characteristics like Left-handedness, intelligence, susceptibility to certain illnesses, temperament (shy, withdrawn, or out going and confident).NurtureRefers to all that happens within the environment. It involves the way someone is brought up and the way they are treated by parents, teachers and peers. All these influence behaviour and development and goes towards building a personality.Piagets Cognitive-Developmental Theory Cognitive theory is tangled with aspects on an individuals cognitive processes that are involved with learning, thinking, knowing about, reflecting on, and understanding the world. It involves the study of our thinking, memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving and reasoning. Piaget described that in different stages of a person life they would develop skills in reasoning and comprehension. The stages he compiled are as follows (Learning-theories, 2017)a. Sensorimotor development (0-2 years). As an infant the person exercises rudimentary sensory (seeing touch, hearing, tasting, smelling) and motor (kicking, punching, moving around, hitting objects) awareness and functions almost just by means of reflexive responses. The child cannot think abstractly.b. Preoperational thought (2-7 years). The person is now a child and edges an increase in language abilities and concepts become to a greater extent elaborate. However, the child can only view the world from its own perspective. Their intellectual state is immature.c. Concrete operations (7-11 years). As an older child the ability to adopt the viewpoints of others and understand relational concepts is evident. However, the child cannot will struggle to solve problems of an abstract nature (Learning-theories.com, 2017).d. Formal operations (11-15). Now an adolescent the person is able to demonstrate abstract thinking and scientific problem-solving strategies emerge. This theory informs health and social care professionals to understand the level of thinking of individuals with learning difficulties who may have a put down mental age in relation to their physical aid. Appropriate communication technique s are required to reach out to them.Managing loss and changeChange circumspection is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. This theory looks at the basic principles of change management, and how to apply them People fight back differently to change when it occurs because of differences in our personality and our inner conflicts as proposed by Erikson in his theory of psychosocial development. Change often involves a loss, and great deal go through the loss curve. Expectations need to be managed realistically. Fears have to be dealt with by giving people honest information and also to be opened about the facts (North westerly NHS Academy, 2017). Avoid speculation and meet their unrealistic expectations. Major changes in our lives may have a positive impact depending on the ways of coping. On the other hand, major change in our lives can lead to line and loss of self-confidence depending on our abilities to cope with them.Managing stress and beha viourFrom the biological point of view, stress causes the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin and cortisol (hormones). Adrenalin and noradrenalin make us feel agitated and uncomfortable, while prolonged secretion of cortisol is associated with depression. However 2 people can be exposed to the same stressful event and react differently. This can be explained by the cognitive approach. For example if a negative event happens, the stress response if mild for someone whose thoughts are along the lines of positive thinking. For example if they think it is an opportunity or a challenge, rather than a threat. The stress response will be severe for someone who thinks that this is the end of the line (Schneiderman et Al, 2017).Choice and InteractionThis focus on the belief that people can bourgeon control of their own lives base on the choices they make. Nonetheless, others believe that everything in life is fixed by nature and nurture. In most cases, people believe that human life cours e involves an interaction of nature, nurture and the decisions and choices we make. For instance, if performing prayers (5) times daily is part of your environment, your genes may make you urge to do your prayers. However your choice and interaction depends on your reaction (Pearson Education, 2017).Health care professionals need to know these theories in order to understand different personalities and understanding of how individuals may react differently to life situations.ReferencesAQA. (2017). The Humanistic Approach AQA B Psychology. online Available at http//aqabpsychology.co.uk/2010/07/the-humanistic-approach/ Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Boundless. (2017). Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. online Available at https//www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/personality-16/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-personality-77/freudian-psychoanalytic-theory-of-personality-304-12839/ Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Development through the life stages. (2017). 1st e d. ebook London Pearson Education. Available at http//www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/AssetsLibrary/SECTORS/Trade/Sample%20pages%20(for%20Ed%20Supplier%20sites)/Newsamplecontentfor2010/BTECNationalHealthandSocialCare-SampleStudentBookMaterial.pdf Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Erikson, E. H. (1959) Identity and the Life Cycle. New York International Universities Press.Learning-theories.com. (2017). STAGE THEORY OF cognitive DEVELOPMENT (PIAGET). online Available at https//www.learning-theories.com/piagets-stage-theory-of-cognitive-development.html Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Managing Change Five Basic Principles. (2017). 1st ed. ebook NHS North West Leadership Academy. Available at http//www.nwacademy.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/0f_1722011_managing_change_5_basic_principles.pdf Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.McLeod, S. (2017). Behaviorism Simply Psychology. online Simplypsychology.org. Available at http//www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G. and D. Siegel, S. (2017). STRESS AND HEALTH Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, pp.607-628.